On the Water Front

Selected tag(s): agriculture

Measuring what matters: Communities in India assess water solutions

People behind a farm pond with a staff gauge to measure water levels

A team installed a staff gauge in a farm pond in Toopran, Telangana, to measure water levels over time. Photo credit: Vanya Mehta

This blog was co-authored by Vanya Mehta from WELL Labs.

Water-saving solutions behave differently across India, depending on a region’s hydrogeology and land use patterns. An intervention that is successful in one landscape may be a failure in another. By nature, water is dynamic, and, with the added variability of climate change, difficult to predict. As our scientific understanding evolves, both of water and solutions to conserve it, there is a need to continuously monitor the impact of these solutions on both farmers and water.

In most cases, the water sector relies on short-term monitoring and evaluation (M&E) assessments that measure inputs and outputs, rather than long-term outcomes. This can lead to gaps in our long-term understanding of water sustainability and equity.

For example, in discussions with four experienced civil society organizations (CSOs) in India, we found that donors required them to report on the number of outputs, such as rainwater harvesting units constructed or number of farmers trained on a water-saving production technique. Water levels, soil moisture, and other indicators of water conservation were not measured during the projects. In such a scenario, it would be difficult to confirm whether the units constructed or farmers trained led to any impactful change in critical outcomes related to groundwater levels, recharge potential, agricultural yields, or total irrigation applied. Both secondary data and farmer recall data is not sufficient to understand variable environmental impacts.

To solve this issue, the hydrology team working on the project (Ishita Jalan, Lakshmikantha NR, Clinton Fernandes, Anas KP, Vivek Grewal, and Gopal Penny) has developed a protocol for field-based, community-led continuous monitoring.

Community-led continuous monitoring can help different stakeholders — water users, government agencies, donors, CSOs, scientists — understand the real-time impact of an intervention while also isolating any other potential causes for increase or decrease in water availability.

WELL Labs, in partnership with Environmental Defense Fund and various civil society organizations across India, is testing out a range of tools that can support community-led continuous monitoring of interventions such as drip irrigation systems, borewell recharge structures, rainwater harvesting, and agroforestry. The aim is to ensure that communities are self-reliant when it comes to assessing problems and finding solutions.

How was data collected?

Community science, when local communities participate in scientific research to address their specific needs and priorities, is an effective way to ensure local ownership of water solutions and their impact. For example, a CSO can use a flow meter to analyze whether a precision irrigation practice has truly reduced total irrigation applied. Or a farmer can install a soil moisture sensor on their plot to observe the long-term improvements in water retention from bunding, mulching, or no-till agriculture. When combined with agricultural yield data, there is a potential to show visible results to the farmer on the correlation between soil moisture and improved yields, to improve the long-term uptake of a practice that a farmer may otherwise be hesitant to adopt. By owning the data and analysis, for example on groundwater levels, farmers and CSOs will have a way to demand attention from governing bodies as well to address critical problems.

These tools and tests — like a pressure transducer, soil moisture sensor, rain gauge, staff gauge, flow meter and well inventory — can be used differently depending on the outcome desired for the intervention. The table below lists examples of interventions and tool/tests that can help with continuous monitoring.

How to do community-led continuous water monitoring

We are currently piloting community-led continuous water monitoring in four states across India: Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Telangana. In each site, we follow a process to conduct the continuous monitoring exercise with local communities and CSOs.

Step 1: Decide the ideal location for a monitoring tool

The first step is to determine the placement of the tool based on the requirements of the program or intervention. It is essential to consult the local community and CSOs from the start as they are the ones who will eventually take responsibility for maintaining the tool. For example, the WELL Labs team recently needed to measure the impact of constructed farm ponds in a village near Toopran, Telangana, to assess how much of that water recharges the aquifer, evaporates, is collected through the year, and is used for protective irrigation. We worked with the community to understand the ideal and scientific location for the tool — a staff gauge in this case.

Installing a borewell recharge structure

Locals from the village helped us fill the borewell recharge structure, where we installed a pressure transducer, with rocks in Toopran, Telangana. Photo credit: Vanya Mehta

Step 2: Construct the appropriate implements and install the tool with community

Next, one must install the tool and construct the relevant implements required for installation. Some tools can be installed directly at the site, while others, such as the borewell transducer pipe depicted below, must be customized.

Pressure transducer and soil moisture sensor

The team installed a pressure transducer (left) and a soil moisture sensor (right) in Toopran, Telangana, to monitor the impact of a borewell recharge structure and land conservation technique, respectively. Photo credit: Lakshmikantha NR and Vanya Mehta

Step 3: Train the community to collect regular data

While scientists play a role in understanding and analyzing the data, it is essential to entrust regular data collection to the local communities and CSOs. Community resource persons (CRPs) and field coordinators should be trained to input the data through mobile applications like mWater and SmartU, to ensure that remote teams can collaborate and verify the readings. In addition, communities need training to interpret the data, so that they can see for themselves whether the interventions are creating an impact.

Group training in classroom.

The team conducted a training in Tamil Nadu with local community and civil society organization members on how to collect data and the value of this information. Photo credit: Anas KP

Importance of being ‘community-led’

The word “data” can make a farmer or community resource person feel disconnected from the intentions of researchers and scientists. But data is not just for scientists and statisticians to collect and analyze. It needs to be relevant and useful to the local stakeholders for an intervention to gain acceptance and lead to coordinated, bottom-up, and scalable action.

Here are our initial learnings from the implementation of the ongoing project:

  • Community trust: There are three layers of trust that are essential to building a participatory project. The first layer is between respected community leaders (often embedded in NGOs) and the farmers. The second is between the community leaders and the nongovernmental organization (NGO). And the third is between the NGO and the donors and knowledge partners. Building these levels of trust helps solutions to be bottom-up and responsive to difficulties that farmers may be facing on their fields.
  • Collective ownership of water risk and associated data: Community-led continuous monitoring integrates local stakeholders into the process. In Toopran, Telangana, farmers and community representatives helped us install high-quality sensors and digital tools, and continue to lend us a hand with data collection. They stay in touch with the local NGO and the scientists to understand what is happening to their land.
  • Youth employment: In Toopran, Telangana, a young farmer with 2.5 acres offered to help us collect data from the soil moisture sensors to supplement his income. With training, he now regularly sends us the data on WhatsApp, which helps us understand the impact of a range of interventions, like drip irrigation and pre-monsoon dry sowing, on soil moisture.
Young farmer speakers with researchers.

A young farmer (left) from Toopran, Telangana, is one of the community members collecting data for the project. He is speaking to a community resource person from WASSAN, the local NGO, and a researcher from WELL Labs. Photo credit: Lakshminantha NR

Why continuous monitoring is essential for watershed management

Rural India has no dearth of water-related challenges, and programs and interventions seeking to address them. Despite substantial investments from the government and philanthropic initiatives, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of these interventions.

The principle of “what gets measured, gets managed” underscores the need for community-led continuous monitoring. This, in turn, helps track water security outcomes beyond traditional input-output metrics, making water systems sustainable and equitable.

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The transformative power of three days on a river

Group putting all their hands together to form a circle in the middle.

The history of California water is saturated with stories about years-long battles that inevitably get called “water wars.” But UC Merced is trying to flip that narrative and chart a new course for water in California based on finding common ground, or in this case, finding common water. 

“Finding Common Water” is the name of a river trip that UC Merced and EDF have organized to bring together individuals who often hold diverse perspectives. The goal is to find areas of alignment and explore new collaborations. 

I joined the inaugural “Finding Common Water” river trip that EDF and UC Merced co-hosted in 2022, and returned this summer for another unforgettable experience organized by Josh Viers and Lauren Parker of UC Merced’s Secure Water Future Program and financially supported by EDF and the State Water Contractors. Our diverse cast of rafters came from state and federal water agencies, a local water district, a Tribe, environmental and rural community nonprofits, and agriculture. 

At a time when there is so much chaos and uncertainty in the world, getting out and spending three days along a secluded stretch of the Tuolumne with this fascinating group did wonders for the soul.  As Josh said at the end of the tour, “Three days on the river buys me 300 more days off the river.”  

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It’s Colorado River Day — a time to celebrate a dedicated stream of water funding

Colorado River

To mark Colorado River Day today, it seems fitting to celebrate Colorado’s 10-year journey to dedicating $50+ million a year to fund water projects and support the resource that makes Colorado so special: its water. And I’d like to briefly highlight three very different projects that have benefited from this vital new funding stream.

It started with the first Colorado Water Plan.

While drinking water utilities and large agricultural districts can often tap ratepayer fees to fund millions if not billions of dollars of improvement and maintenance projects, the same has not historically been the case for Colorado’s beloved rivers and streams. In 2015, the first Colorado Water Plan highlighted the urgent need to fill a gap for reliable, dedicated funding to support rivers, restoration, recreation, and aging agricultural infrastructure.

Colorado’s Taxpayer’s Bill of Rights makes creating a new funding stream extremely challenging, but a 2018 U.S. Supreme Court decision provided a new opening by eliminating a ban on state-based sports betting. In 2019, thanks in part to a bipartisan campaign supported by EDF, Colorado Cattlemen’s Association and a host of other water users, Colorado voters approved Proposition DD, which legalized sports betting and dedicated the tax revenues from it specifically to fund water projects.

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New report shows progress in California’s land repurposing program

Aerial view of patchwork of agricultural fields in squares.

As California and the broader Western U.S. brace for an increasingly unpredictable water future, the release of the 2024 Annual Multibenefit Land Repurposing Program Report underscores the viability of land repurposing as a key climate adaptation strategy. California’s Multibenefit Land Repurposing Program (MLRP) plays a vital role in facilitating the transition of irrigated agricultural land toward uses that reduce groundwater demand while providing community and environmental benefits. Launched by the Department of Conservation (DOC) in 2022, this program is strategically focused on shifting irrigated agricultural land toward uses that reduce groundwater demand while delivering community and environmental benefits.

In just two years, MLRP has awarded over $75 million in block grants to eight regions spanning 3.3 million acres, including more than 120 underserved communities. With more than 100 partner organizations involved, the program is gaining traction as a model for collaborative, locally driven land use planning in areas that are bringing groundwater use into balance.

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Data-Driven Solutions for India’s Groundwater Crisis: The Role of Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning

Gathering accurate data as close as possible to the desired impact area of a water management project is a critical part of an effective Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning program. Here, Avinash Shivji Pande and Lakshmikantha NR — from EDF’s partner WELL Labs — collect data from a recharge pit in Jalna, Maharashtra. Read more about this particular intervention.

As groundwater depletion accelerates amid climate change and growing agricultural demands, integrating Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning (MEL) into water management strategies can safeguard India’s water security and resilience.

Groundwater has sustained human societies for thousands of years, serving as a critical shared resource. However, the current rate of extraction — driven largely by climate change, population increase, and intensified irrigation — is outpacing recharge rates worldwide. At the same time, groundwater irrigation has proven essential for food security, livelihoods, and poverty alleviation, particularly in countries like India. Agriculture alone consumes roughly 90% of India’s groundwater, not only supporting domestic food security but also making India a major player in global food exports.

This reliance, however, comes at a significant cost. Over-extraction is leading to diminishing societal benefits, reflected in declining agricultural productivity, decreased adaptive capacity at the community level, and worsening water quality. Without effective adaptation and mitigation measures, climate-related water impacts are projected to lower global GDP by mid-century, with the heaviest losses expected in low- and middle-income countries. Read More »

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Here’s how land repurposing is beginning to transform strained communities and ecosystems in California

Satellite image of California's Central Valley

California’s sprawling Central Valley is confronting declining groundwater levels and increasing ‘climate whiplash’ between drought and flood.

Next time you find yourself looking up driving directions on your phone, scroll over to central California and zoom out a bit. Turn on the satellite layer. What you’ll see is a mindboggling patchwork. A massive brown and green checkerboard, cut up in rectangles, sliced by highways, besieged by a ring of arid foothills. This is California’s famed and troubled Central Valley — an agricultural powerhouse that’s increasingly associated with headlines about disappearing groundwater and growing waves of flood and drought. Filled with sharp lines, it’s not a landscape one would immediately associate with collaboration and transformation.   Read More »

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