On the Water Front

Data-Driven Solutions for India’s Groundwater Crisis: The Role of Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning

Gathering accurate data as close as possible to the desired impact area of a water management project is a critical part of an effective Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning program. Here, Avinash Shivji Pande and Lakshmikantha NR — from EDF’s partner WELL Labs — collect data from a recharge pit in Jalna, Maharashtra. Read more about this particular intervention.

As groundwater depletion accelerates amid climate change and growing agricultural demands, integrating Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning (MEL) into water management strategies can safeguard India’s water security and resilience.

Groundwater has sustained human societies for thousands of years, serving as a critical shared resource. However, the current rate of extraction — driven largely by climate change, population increase, and intensified irrigation — is outpacing recharge rates worldwide. At the same time, groundwater irrigation has proven essential for food security, livelihoods, and poverty alleviation, particularly in countries like India. Agriculture alone consumes roughly 90% of India’s groundwater, not only supporting domestic food security but also making India a major player in global food exports.

This reliance, however, comes at a significant cost. Over-extraction is leading to diminishing societal benefits, reflected in declining agricultural productivity, decreased adaptive capacity at the community level, and worsening water quality. Without effective adaptation and mitigation measures, climate-related water impacts are projected to lower global GDP by mid-century, with the heaviest losses expected in low- and middle-income countries. Read More »

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EDF deepens efforts to recharge groundwater, bolster farmer prosperity in India


EDF’s Leah Beaulac (bottom right) and Nikhil Goveas (right) listen to a groundwater user group meeting in Kadiri, Andhra Pradesh.

EDF is helping farmers address one of their core climate challenges: securing a reliable water supply. This September, an EDF team led by Ann Hayden, Nikhil GoveasGopal Penny and Leah Beaulac conducted a series of comprehensive site visits and workshops across drought-prone areas of central India.

Water availability in India is a core climate issue for the world. India is by far the largest user of groundwater in the world. More than 60% of the country’s irrigated agriculture and 85% of drinking water supplies depend on groundwater. Global food prices and the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of farmers depend on India finding a path to sustainable groundwater use. EDF is committed to building a network of partnerships to help achieve this critical climate goal.

EDF’s work in India spans a number of workstreams including Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and Climate Resilient Water Systems (CRWS).

Every year, billions are invested from the public and private sector in water management in India, yet little is known about the effectiveness of various interventions. That’s where EDF and partners are stepping in to evaluate these approaches on the ground and thereby improve investments and overall resilience at scale.

The water team’s trip deepened EDF’s partnerships with in-country organizations and experts doing remarkable work to recharge groundwater, create more resilience to water scarcity and help farmers thrive.

EDF’s Gopal Penny (left) works with WELL Labs’ Lakshmikantha NR and Avinash Pande to inspect groundwater recharge structures in Jalna, Maharashtra. Photo: Ananya Revanna

First up on the visit: treks through many fields muddied by a generous monsoon to inspect field-level groundwater recharge structures in north-central Maharashtra. EDF and WELL Labs — an India-based solutions-focused research startup — have been supporting local partners in evaluating the design and impact of these structures on local groundwater recharge and farmer prosperity in the region. Our new joint report explains more.


EDF staff listen to leaders of a regional non-profit describe the history of a unique groundwater collectivization program whose impact EDF is helping to quantify.

Next, some long discussions and delicious homemade meals with farmers working the beautiful, bouldered landscape of western Andhra Pradesh. EDF and WELL Labs are evaluating the effectiveness of a remarkable groundwater sharing program that has set up water user associations where neighbors share groundwater and agree to forgo drilling new borewells. The negotiations are hard work. Sharing water can be a deeply personal issue. Yet many are buying into the message of working together rather than drilling alone — which could further overdraft the aquifer. The participants and the design of the program are deeply inspiring and serve as a model of community spirit that we need more echoes of in other groundwater-strained regions.

(From L to R) WELL Labs’ Vivek Grewal, EDF’s Nikhil Goveas, Ann Hayden, and Gopal Penny help lead a lively discussion during the national roundtable on India’s water sector that EDF co-hosted in New Delhi.

Finally, the EDF team ended the historic visit by co-hosting an intense, first-ever national roundtable on monitoring, evaluation, and learning in India’s water sector. Leading scholars, non-profit practitioners, funders and business leaders joined us in the leafy confines of New Delhi’s India International Centre for a stimulating day of discussion. EDF is supporting the development of a data-rich toolbox to help inform government, corporate, and non-profit water interventions across India. Check out key takeaways and next steps from the event.


EDF co-hosted, alongside our in-country partner WELL Labs, the first-ever national roundtable on monitoring, evaluation, and learning in India’s water sector. The event featured leading experts from academic, non-profit, and corporate groups.

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Community expertise is key to effective, equitable water governance

The Water Leadership Institute demonstrates that local leaders want — and should have — a voice in water governance. As water crises deepen across the American West, we need more pathways for their participation.

The 2024 Water Leadership Institute focused on supporting leaders from disadvantaged and underrepresented communities across California’s strained Delta-Mendota Subbasin — an area on the frontlines of California’s water crisis.

Rosanai Paniagua admits that she felt a sense of hopelessness after joining the Richgrove Community Services District board, eager to help manage her unincorporated community’s water. “I’ve been at it for three years with no official training from experts who have been in the water world, and it has been really hard,” she says.

This spring, that all changed for Rosanai. Together with 20 other community leaders, she spent four full Saturdays over four months at The Bird Ranch in Gustine, California, as part of the 2024 Water Leadership Institute (WLI), co-hosted by EDF and the Rural Community Assistance Corporation, in partnership with local Groundwater Sustainability Agencies. The bilingual program brought together leaders from disadvantaged and underrepresented communities across the Delta-Mendota Subbasin, an area on the frontlines of California’s water crisis, with the goal of lifting up and reinforcing participants’ expertise, developing their leadership skills, sharing foundational information and resources, and, critically, providing a safe space for connection.

WLI graduate Rosanai Paniagua said she would be returning to her community filled with courage and inspiration—and some practical tools to help her confidently step into unfamiliar spaces and ask the right questions.

After this year’s Institute wrapped up in June, Rosanai said she would be returning to Richgrove filled with courage and inspiration — and some practical tools to help her confidently step into unfamiliar spaces and ask the right questions. “I now have more confidence, and knowledge to understand and tackle the water issues that surround me,” she says. Rosanai also plans to share what she learned with others in her community with the hope that they, too, will become engaged on local water issues. “We can’t do it alone,” she says. “We need to connect.”

Rosanai’s experience speaks to what EDF and partners strive to achieve through the Water Leadership Institute, and this year’s cohort showed incredible ambition for becoming part of crucial decision-making processes around water. With about one million people in California, mostly from small, low-income, Spanish-speaking communities, lacking access to clean, affordable drinking water, and with declining groundwater, increasing flooding, and worsening drought, these community leaders’ deep knowledge of local challenges are indispensable for charting a safe and resilient path forward for the state.

EDF’s José M. Rodriguez-Flores participates in a discussion session. The Institute’s curriculum focuses on enhancing participants’ expertise, developing their leadership skills, sharing foundational information and resources, and, critically, providing a safe space for connection.

Resham Sandu came to the WLI with the goal of helping his community adjust to its changing water supply. He celebrates the community the Institute brought together, and is grateful for the tools he now has as a result of the four workshops. “I’m excited to move forward to the next phase of taking my dream and making it into a reality,” he said at the program’s end. “That dream looks like me being involved in policy, in decision-making.”

Other participants have big plans for the future, too, from starting a youth water camp to hosting a WLI in their own community of Fireabaugh. Two members, Blanca Ojeda and Claudia Mendoza even formed a subcommittee to dive deeper into the relationship between housing and groundwater management. “I’m in it for the longhaul,” Claudia, who is pursuing a PhD at UC Santa Barbara focused on community engagement and access to safe and affordable water, declared.

Until this spring’s Water Leadership Institute, the Delta-Mendota Subbasin GSAs were struggling to connect with a broader base of stakeholders in an area spanning six counties and having a total of 23 Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs). One critical opportunity for the 2024 WLI cohort was meeting directly with working professionals like John Brodie, Water Resources Program Manager for the San Luis and Delta-Mendota Water Authority and SGMA Plan Manager for the Subbasin. Brodie acknowledged the immense value of such arenas for community members to ask tough questions. Some participants wanted to know how to get on a GSA board themselves, while others pressed Brodie to address glaring water access inequities.

“These spaces where community members feel encouraged and safe enough to share what their experiences, and their challenges, are around water are so needed,” reflects Lucy Caine, an EDF project manager who helped organize this year’s Water Leadership Institute.

Since the conclusion of this year’s WLI, critical discussions have centered around how to create more opportunity for community leaders — acknowledging very little exists to begin with — and broadening outreach to be even more inclusive of California’s diverse communities.

With each year of the Water Leadership Institute, we continue to make strides toward better and more equitable engagement. But there is so much work left to do — not just in California, but across the West in places like Arizona and New Mexico. Local communities hold a wealth of knowledge and expertise, and many people are ready to engage on pressing water issues. We need to find better ways to help them do just that. The Water Leadership Institute provides a transformational foundation to get started, but we still need pathways for authentic, meaningful participation in decision-making.

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Revisiting the first OpenET Applications Conference: how satellite-based data is transforming water, farm, and forest management 

This spring, hundreds of scientists, engineers, water managers, farmers and ranchers gathered in New Mexico to share and learn about how OpenET data is being used to advance water resources management. OpenET has radically improved access to data on evapotranspiration (ET) — or how much water plants and other vegetation consume. The result has been a flood of new applications of ET data in land and water management. 

This year’s convening in New Mexico was a first-ever chance to take stock of all the ways people are using OpenET. The conference cut across a wide range of geographies and sectors and revealed a quickly emerging, dynamic community of practice centered on the platform.  Read More »

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How public-private partnerships can improve water sustainability

The scale of the global freshwater crisis requires an all hands effort. Fostering diverse, sometimes difficult, partnerships — particularly between policymakers, producers, and frontline communities — is at the heart of EDF’s water program.

Buzz Thompson’s new book argues the scale of the water crisis requires stronger public-private collaboration.

Partnership is also at the center of an intriguing new book from Stanford law and environmental social sciences professor Barton “Buzz” Thompson. In Liquid Asset: How Business and Government Can Partner to Solve the Freshwater Crisis, Thompson argues partnership — between the private sector, lawmakers, state agencies, philanthropic foundations, and non-profits such as EDF — gives us the best chance to address the growing freshwater challenges confronting the world today. He explores exactly how such public-private partnerships can develop by addressing four key questions:

    1. Does the private sector promise anything unique in solving the global water crisis?
    2. What are the risks of private involvement given the “public-ness” of water?
    3. What are the challenges of working in a traditionally public sector?
    4. How exactly can the private and public sectors partner?

Read More »

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Cómo la reutilización de tierras está comenzando a transformar comunidades y ecosistemas vulnerables en California

[View the English version of this post]

El extenso Valle Central de California se enfrenta a la disminución de los niveles de agua subterránea y al incremento de cambios bruscos de clima, entre sequias e inundaciones, por cambio climático.

La próxima vez que te encuentres buscando direcciones en tu teléfono móvil, mueve el mapa hacia el centro de California y haz zoom. Activa la capa de satélite. Lo que verás es un desconcertante mosaico. Un inmenso tablero de ajedrez marrón y verde, dividido en rectángulos, cortado por autopistas, rodeado por colinas y montañas. Este es el famoso y problemático Valle Central de California, potencia mundial en producción agrícola que cada vez más se asocia con titulares sobre la sobreexplotación de aguas subterráneas, las crecientes olas de inundaciones y sequías. No es un paisaje que uno asociaría inmediatamente con colaboración y  transformación.  Read More »

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