{"id":2143,"date":"2026-03-10T11:50:55","date_gmt":"2026-03-10T16:50:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/?p=2143"},"modified":"2026-03-10T11:50:57","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T16:50:57","slug":"the-hidden-price-tag-of-flaring-why-burning-off-natural-gas-costs-society-billions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/2026\/03\/10\/the-hidden-price-tag-of-flaring-why-burning-off-natural-gas-costs-society-billions\/","title":{"rendered":"The Hidden Price Tag of Flaring: Why Burning Off Natural Gas Costs Society Billions\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>This blog post\u00a0was authored by\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edf.org\/people\/lauren-beatty\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Lauren Beatty<\/em><\/a><em>, EDF Economist;\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/are.ucdavis.edu\/people\/faculty\/mark-agerton\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Mark Agerton<\/em><\/a><em>, Assistant Professor in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at UC\u00a0Davis;\u00a0and\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/iaes.cgiar.org\/spia\/team\/sophia-salzer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Sophia Salzer<\/em><\/a><em>, pre-doctoral researcher at UC Davis.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From space, parts of West Texas and North Dakota shine brightly at night&nbsp;the same way that&nbsp;sprawling metropolises&nbsp;do.&nbsp;However, the glow&nbsp;isn\u2019t&nbsp;from skyscrapers or highways:&nbsp;it\u2019s&nbsp;from&nbsp;natural&nbsp;gas flares. Flaring&nbsp;\u2014&nbsp;the burning of excess natural gas at oil and gas&nbsp;wells&nbsp;\u2014&nbsp;is a&nbsp;frequent&nbsp;part of oil production. Operators flare gas they&nbsp;can&#8217;t&nbsp;economically capture and sell, often because pipeline capacity is limited or&nbsp;because&nbsp;the cost of building infrastructure exceeds what the gas is worth on the market.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some flaring is&nbsp;unavoidable.&nbsp;At times,&nbsp;operators must flare for safety reasons.&nbsp;In other cases, they flare because&nbsp;it\u2019s&nbsp;too expensive to transport and process&nbsp;the gas.&nbsp;But how much&nbsp;flaring&nbsp;is too&nbsp;much,&nbsp;and how should policymakers respond?&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=6313938\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A new&nbsp;EDF&nbsp;discussion paper<\/a>&nbsp;finds that the environmental and health costs society bears from flaring are&nbsp;large.&nbsp;Evaluating the three largest flaring basins in the U.S., the study estimates that&nbsp;flaring&nbsp;imposed&nbsp;roughly&nbsp;$5.6 billion&nbsp;in climate and health damages in 2023.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A Textbook Externality: When Private and Social Costs Diverge<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A firm deciding whether to flare gas or invest in capturing it makes a simple comparison: what does it cost to capture the gas, and what can it sell that gas for?&nbsp;As long as&nbsp;the marginal cost of capture exceeds the market value of the gas, flaring is the profit-maximizing choice. Firms flare up to the point where those two are equal.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The figure below translates that decision rule into the familiar Econ 101 framework. The downward-sloping red curve shows the marginal cost of avoiding flaring (i.e., capturing gas), while the gray line reflects the market value of the gas that would otherwise be burned. Their intersection&nbsp;determines&nbsp;the privately&nbsp;optimal&nbsp;level of flaring,&nbsp;Q<sup>mkt<\/sup>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The complication is that flaring creates damages&nbsp;through greenhouse gas emissions and local air pollution&nbsp;that firms do not pay for.&nbsp;In other words, part of the&nbsp;full cost&nbsp;of flaring is borne by the public rather than the firm \u2014 a classic externality.&nbsp;In the figure, adding those climate and health damages shifts the relevant comparison from the gray line to the higher black line, the marginal social cost. Once those external costs are included, the efficient level of flaring falls to&nbsp;Q<sup>*.<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The gap between&nbsp;Q<sup>mkt<\/sup>&nbsp;and&nbsp;Q<sup>*<\/sup>&nbsp;is the core economic problem: firms respond to prices they face, not to the full social costs their decisions impose, leading to higher-than-efficient levels of flaring.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/\/image-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"682\" height=\"258\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/image-1.png 682w, https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/image-1-300x113.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Climate Costs Are Much Larger Than You&#8217;d Think<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The paper calculates that the climate cost of flaring typically runs between $17 and $24 per mcf across the three major U.S. flaring regions (the Permian Basin, the Bakken in North Dakota, and the Eagle Ford in Texas). Compare that to the $2&#8211;7&nbsp;per&nbsp;mcf market value of the gas, and the gap between private and social costs becomes stark.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Across just these three basins in 2023, the market value of flared gas was $559 million \u2013 enough gas to power&nbsp;roughly 2.5&nbsp;million&nbsp;homes&nbsp;for a year. While the market value is large, the climate&nbsp;damages&nbsp;alone exceeded&nbsp;$4 billion,&nbsp;almost an&nbsp;order of magnitude&nbsp;larger.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>It&#8217;s\u00a0Not Just About Methane\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A core finding of the paper is that&nbsp;carbon dioxide, not methane, is responsible for the&nbsp;majority of climate&nbsp;damages&nbsp;from flaring. This matters because recent U.S. climate policy&nbsp;(particularly the now-delayed Waste Emissions Charge),&nbsp;focused exclusively on methane emissions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Why does CO2 dominate?&nbsp;When gas is flared, most of the hydrocarbons are combusted and converted into CO2.&nbsp;A well-functioning flare destroys at least 95% of the gas, meaning only a small fraction escapes as methane. Meanwhile, the EPA&#8217;s updated Social Cost of Carbon&nbsp;nearly quadrupled&nbsp;relative&nbsp;to&nbsp;previous&nbsp;estimates (from about $66 to $248 per metric ton), while the Social Cost of Methane increased by only 17%. The combination of high&nbsp;destruction&nbsp;rates and a sharply higher carbon cost&nbsp;means&nbsp;that&nbsp;CO2 drives 85-95% of the climate&nbsp;damages&nbsp;from flaring.&nbsp;This has a direct policy implication: a methane-only fee would&nbsp;dramatically&nbsp;underprice the climate cost of flaring&nbsp;relative&nbsp;to the&nbsp;cost&nbsp;it&nbsp;imposes on society through climate change.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Composition Matters:\u00a0What\u2019s\u00a0in the Gas Changes the Damages\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wells&nbsp;produce different&nbsp;amounts of&nbsp;hydrocarbons in their gas streams:&nbsp;some<s>&nbsp;<\/s>are \u201cdry,\u201d composed primarily of methane, while&nbsp;others&nbsp;are \u201cwet,\u201d&nbsp;containing&nbsp;heavier hydrocarbons like ethane, propane, and butane. When these heavier hydrocarbons are flared, they generate more CO2 per unit of gas burned, increasing climate&nbsp;damages. This means that two wells flaring the same volume of gas can generate&nbsp;very different&nbsp;social costs depending on the composition of the gas stream.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/\/image-2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"936\" height=\"468\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2145\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/image-2.png 936w, https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/image-2-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/image-2-768x384.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The figure above shows how climate damages vary systematically across samples taken from different basins for flared gas (0.95 destruction efficiency) and&nbsp;vented gas (0 destruction efficiency). Gas streams richer in heavier hydrocarbons, like the sample taken from the Bakken,&nbsp;produce&nbsp;substantially higher&nbsp;damages per mcf&nbsp;compared with dryer gas streams like those from the Eagle Ford. This compositional heterogeneity creates meaningful variation in the true social costs of flaring.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Health Costs Vary Dramatically by Location<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to global climate impacts, flaring generates fine particulate matter and other pollutants linked to respiratory and cardiovascular disease.&nbsp;If flares&nbsp;operate&nbsp;near homes, schools, and hospitals,&nbsp;then&nbsp;nearby&nbsp;residents\u2014including children and other vulnerable populations\u2014can be exposed to them.&nbsp;The paper finds that&nbsp;health&nbsp;expenditures from local air pollution&nbsp;vary&nbsp;<strong>18-fold<\/strong>&nbsp;across basins, driven by differences in the average population density near flares.&nbsp;In the sparsely populated Bakken of North Dakota, health costs from flaring run about $1.70\/mcf. In the Eagle Ford region of Texas,&nbsp;near the metropolitan areas of San Antonio and Austin,&nbsp;health costs jump to $31.49\/mcf. The Permian Basin&nbsp;falls in between at&nbsp;$7.91\/mcf.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In total, health costs across the three basins added&nbsp;roughly&nbsp;<strong>$1.6 billion<\/strong>&nbsp;to the total cost of flaring&nbsp;in 2023.&nbsp;These estimates are&nbsp;actually&nbsp;fairly&nbsp;conservative: they only capture increased hospital expenditures and exclude&nbsp;mortality, lost productivity, and quality-of-life impacts.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/\/image-3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"936\" height=\"312\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2146\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/image-3.png 936w, https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/image-3-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/image-3-768x256.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/\/image-4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"936\" height=\"312\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2147\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/image-4.png 936w, https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/image-4-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/image-4-768x256.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/\/image-5.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"936\" height=\"312\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/image-5.png 936w, https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/image-5-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/image-5-768x256.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Adding It All Up<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Combining climate and health costs, flaring in these three basins imposed&nbsp;roughly&nbsp;<strong>$5.6 billion<\/strong>&nbsp;in damages on society in 2023. The gas that was burned was worth about $559 million. Society bore costs&nbsp;that were about&nbsp;ten times larger than the private value of the gas.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The paper&#8217;s findings point to several challenges for policymakers:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Methane-only policies&nbsp;underprice flaring.<\/strong>&nbsp;Because CO2 from combustion drives the bulk of climate damages, regulations that only price methane,&nbsp;like the Waste Emissions Charge,&nbsp;leave&nbsp;most&nbsp;of&nbsp;flaring&#8217;s&nbsp;climate costs unaddressed. An efficient policy would price both CO2 and methane at their&nbsp;full&nbsp;social costs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>One-size-fits-all regulations are inefficient.<\/strong>&nbsp;Both the 18-fold variation in health costs across basins&nbsp;and the substantial variation in climate costs&nbsp;across gas compositions&nbsp;mean that a uniform national flaring standard&nbsp;could be too strict in some places and too lenient in others. Efficient policy would be stricter where more people are exposed to flaring pollution&nbsp;and where gas streams rich in&nbsp;heavier&nbsp;hydrocarbons increase&nbsp;climate&nbsp;damages.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The bottom line is that flaring&nbsp;represents&nbsp;a&nbsp;large,&nbsp;mostly&nbsp;unpriced externality. While some flaring is necessary, current levels impose billions of dollars in damages that operators have&nbsp;little&nbsp;private incentive to reduce. Closing this gap between private and social costs is the central challenge for flaring policy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This blog post\u00a0was authored by\u00a0Lauren Beatty, EDF Economist;\u00a0Mark Agerton, Assistant Professor in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at UC\u00a0Davis;\u00a0and\u00a0Sophia Salzer, pre-doctoral researcher at UC Davis. From space, parts of West Texas and North Dakota shine brightly at night&nbsp;the same way that&nbsp;sprawling metropolises&nbsp;do.&nbsp;However, the glow&nbsp;isn\u2019t&nbsp;from skyscrapers or highways:&nbsp;it\u2019s&nbsp;from&nbsp;natural&nbsp;gas flares. Flaring&nbsp;\u2014&nbsp;the burning of excess natural &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":153124,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[325,105915,43,158,254,105916,9306,105553],"tags":[105931,105924,105933,105927],"coauthors":[105956,105951],"class_list":["post-2143","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cap-and-trade","category-climate-change","category-economics","category-emissions","category-energy-efficiency","category-energy-transition","category-market-101","category-social-cost-of-carbon","tag-climate-policies","tag-economics","tag-energy-transition","tag-methane"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Hidden Price Tag of Flaring: Why Burning Off Natural Gas Costs Society Billions\u00a0 - Market Forces<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/2026\/03\/10\/the-hidden-price-tag-of-flaring-why-burning-off-natural-gas-costs-society-billions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Hidden Price Tag of Flaring: Why Burning Off Natural Gas Costs Society Billions\u00a0 - Market Forces\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This blog post\u00a0was authored by\u00a0Lauren Beatty, EDF Economist;\u00a0Mark Agerton, Assistant Professor in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at UC\u00a0Davis;\u00a0and\u00a0Sophia Salzer, pre-doctoral researcher at UC Davis. From space, parts of West Texas and North Dakota shine brightly at night&nbsp;the same way that&nbsp;sprawling metropolises&nbsp;do.&nbsp;However, the glow&nbsp;isn\u2019t&nbsp;from skyscrapers or highways:&nbsp;it\u2019s&nbsp;from&nbsp;natural&nbsp;gas flares. Flaring&nbsp;\u2014&nbsp;the burning of excess natural ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/2026\/03\/10\/the-hidden-price-tag-of-flaring-why-burning-off-natural-gas-costs-society-billions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Market Forces\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-03-10T16:50:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-10T16:50:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/32\/files\/\/image-1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"682\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"258\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Lauren Beatty, Guest Author\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Lauren Beatty, Guest Author\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/markets\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/10\\\/the-hidden-price-tag-of-flaring-why-burning-off-natural-gas-costs-society-billions\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/markets\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/10\\\/the-hidden-price-tag-of-flaring-why-burning-off-natural-gas-costs-society-billions\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Lauren Beatty\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/markets\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/20a0ca6b197dd6d000c7fe97d8b25a76\"},\"headline\":\"The Hidden Price Tag of Flaring: Why Burning Off Natural Gas Costs Society Billions\u00a0\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-03-10T16:50:55+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-10T16:50:57+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/markets\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/10\\\/the-hidden-price-tag-of-flaring-why-burning-off-natural-gas-costs-society-billions\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1452,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/markets\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/10\\\/the-hidden-price-tag-of-flaring-why-burning-off-natural-gas-costs-society-billions\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/markets\\\/wp-content\\\/blogs.dir\\\/32\\\/files\\\/\\\/image-1.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Climate Policies\",\"Economics\",\"Energy Transition\",\"Methane\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Cap and Trade\",\"Climate Change\",\"Economics\",\"emissions\",\"Energy efficiency\",\"Energy Transition\",\"Markets 101\",\"Social Cost of Carbon\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/markets\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/10\\\/the-hidden-price-tag-of-flaring-why-burning-off-natural-gas-costs-society-billions\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/markets\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/10\\\/the-hidden-price-tag-of-flaring-why-burning-off-natural-gas-costs-society-billions\\\/\",\"name\":\"The Hidden Price Tag of Flaring: Why Burning Off Natural Gas Costs Society Billions\u00a0 - 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From space, parts of West Texas and North Dakota shine brightly at night&nbsp;the same way that&nbsp;sprawling metropolises&nbsp;do.&nbsp;However, the glow&nbsp;isn\u2019t&nbsp;from skyscrapers or highways:&nbsp;it\u2019s&nbsp;from&nbsp;natural&nbsp;gas flares. 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