{"id":8744,"date":"2014-11-17T09:37:15","date_gmt":"2014-11-17T15:37:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/?p=8744"},"modified":"2014-12-29T14:10:25","modified_gmt":"2014-12-29T20:10:25","slug":"two-political-lessons-from-germanys-energiewende","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2014\/11\/17\/two-political-lessons-from-germanys-energiewende\/","title":{"rendered":"Two Political Lessons from Germany\u2019s Energiewende"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Check<\/a>As the recent midterm elections have thrust American politics to the media\u2019s forefront, battles for political power are fresh in our minds. While Democrats and Republicans are not the contestants in governments outside of the U.S., struggle for power among groups whose ideals clash are the bedrock of political systems everywhere, including Germany, where politics play a major role in shaping the country\u2019s energy transition.<\/p>\n

Political actors in countries with coordinated market economies, such as Germany, prefer dialogues, strategic concessions, and trade-offs that give rise to policy decisions unanimous among main stakeholder groups. However, for Energiewende<\/i> \u2013 Germany\u2019s aggressive plan to transition to nearly 100 percent renewable energy by 2050 \u2013 unanimity is constrained. That\u2019s because two interest groups, the Conventional Energy Coalition (CEC) and the Sustainable Energy Coalition (SEC), support fundamentally different energy systems that oppose each other.<\/p>\n

The CEC strives<\/a> \u201cto maintain the status quo of the energy system\u2026 Officially, they support Energiewende, but they neither invest in the Energiewende nor support it.\u201d \u00a0The foremost motivating factor for the CEC is money, and their major proponents \u201cbenefit largely from the current system, either because they own the current infrastructure or because they fear financial losses, increasing costs, and costly projects by the change of the system.\u201d<\/p>\n

Opposing the CEC, the SEC\u2019s foremost ambition is for Energiewende<\/i> to maintain momentum and the transition to renewables to occur in a timely and efficient manner. (For more information on CEC\/SEC political stances and leadership, as well as German political parties\u2019 positions on Energiewende, <\/i>see these tables<\/a>.)<\/p>\n

We can learn a lot from the political friction between these two groups arising from Germany\u2019s transition to a clean energy economy. Below are two best practices that the U.S., and other countries planning a similar transition, should consider when plotting their course.<\/p>\n

Best Practice 1:<\/span><\/b> Sustained, robust agenda-setting efforts are critical for achieving and maintaining popular support for an energy transition.<\/i> Building a strong, like-minded coalition of entities to help spread this agenda is also important in gaining popular support.<\/i><\/p>\n

Today, 84 percent<\/a> of German residents favor achieving 100 percent renewable energy \u201cas quickly as possible.\u201d Energiewende<\/i> has earned and maintained its popularity via strong agenda setting from political parties, private renewable energy companies, non-profits, and research institutes. Non-profits have been especially active in building popular support among citizens through coordinated events, public statements, studies, campaigns, and generating expertise in support of Energiewende<\/i>, as well as playing defense against oppositional efforts.<\/p>\n

Despite being vastly outnumbered, the CEC continues to ardently fight the energy transition. This state of affairs reveals the importance of political stamina in the energy transition context; the wealthy, powerful opposition is slow to die, if it ever does.<\/p>\n

Best Practice 2:<\/span><\/b> Energy transition policies should present compelling incentives for established utilities to invest in renewables early, especially if the energy transition relies on these utilities for backup generation and investment to help build the new grid. Designing schemes that enable utilities to alter business models in a way that maintains profitability is prudent.<\/i><\/p>\n

The spike in Germany\u2019s renewables capacity \u2013 only five<\/a> percent of which is owned by the largest four utilities (E.On, RWE, Vattenfall, and EnBW) that produce 80 percent<\/a> of the country\u2019s power\u00a0 \u2013 has seriously hurt utilities\u2019 profits.<\/p>\n

About half of Germany\u2019s generating capacity comes from renewables, and total capacity in Germany far exceeds peak demand. As a result of virtually costless solar and wind having first rank in the merit order of electricity supply \u2013 a direct result of\u00a0 Energiewende<\/i> policies \u2013 wholesale prices have fallen<\/a> from \u20ac80\/MWh in Germany in 2008 to \u20ac38\/MWh in 2013.<\/p>\n

As wholesale prices fall, so does profitability for utilities. In 2008, Europe\u2019s top 20 utilities<\/a> were worth \u20ac1 trillion (USD $1.3 trillion), and the top ten utilities had a credit rating of A or better. By 2013, however, the value of the top 20 utilities had been cut by more than half \u2013 over \u20ac500 billion \u2013 and only the top five utilities had a credit rating of A or better.[Tweet “2 political best practices learned from Germany’s move toward a clean energy economy http:\/\/ow.ly\/Epjyj via @EDFEnergyEX”]<\/p>\n

These large utilities are expected to provide two vital ingredients for Energiewende<\/i>: last-resort electricity and investment for building the new grid. According to The Economist<\/a>, however, European grid upgrades by 2020 are expected to cost up to \u20ac1 trillion, and \u201ccompanies worth \u20ac500 billion cannot finance anything like that amount\u2026In their current state, utilities cannot finance Europe\u2019s hoped-for clean energy system.\u201d<\/p>\n

As a result, governments will need to convince other types of investors, such as pension funds and sovereign wealth funds (defined<\/a> as \u201cpools of money derived from a country\u2019s reserves, which are set aside for investment purposes that will benefit the country\u2019s economy and citizens\u201d), to finance the energy grid\u2019s upgrades. And pension funds and sovereign wealth funds have historically disliked<\/a> \u201cthe political risks of owning projects in which governments play a role, either through planning or price setting.\u201d<\/p>\n

If utilities had invested in renewables capacity at the energy transition’s beginning, then it is possible they could have maintained their profits and they’d be less adamantly opposed to Energiewende<\/i>. As it stands now in Germany, utilities are influential players in stifling the Energiewende<\/i>‘s progress.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

The two best practices described above are strategies for managing conflicts stemming from financial incentives associated with Energiewende<\/i>. Despite their status as an extremely unpopular minority in Germany, proponents of the CEC and the status quo continue to fight the energy transition because they reap massive profits from the current system. However, it is beneficial to both utilities and proponents of Energiewende<\/i> for utilities to maintain their financial clout as the energy transition unfolds.<\/p>\n

Proponents of an energy transition in the United States face a tall order politically. Four American-based oil companies (Exxon, Chevron, Phillips 66, and Valero) and two motor vehicles companies (General Motors and Ford) are members of Fortune<\/i>\u2019s top 10 companies<\/a>.\u00a0 Powerful people have depended on fossil fuels for making their fortunes, and the Koch brothers and other fossil fuel magnates are not shy about financing political campaigns. Such an old guard is also prevalent in Germany, so studying how German grid modernization efforts have succeeded politically is fruitful for those in favor of an energy transition in the United States.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n

This is the fifth blog post in\u00a0a six-part series on <\/i>Energiewende, which will describe best practices gleaned from the German experience and examine their U.S. applicability. Topics will include the <\/i>Economics<\/i><\/a>,\u00a0Politics, Governance<\/a>, <\/i>Implementation<\/i><\/a>, and\u00a0<\/i>Reliability<\/i><\/a> of <\/i>Energiewende.<\/i><\/p>\n

Photo source: Flickr\/Jonathan Boeke<\/a><\/em><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As the recent midterm elections have thrust American politics to the media\u2019s forefront, battles for political power are fresh in our minds. 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