{"id":16941,"date":"2017-12-29T10:51:36","date_gmt":"2017-12-29T15:51:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/?p=16941"},"modified":"2026-03-07T09:32:22","modified_gmt":"2026-03-07T14:32:22","slug":"six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Six ways oil and gas development can contaminate land and water (and what to do about it)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.edf.org\/people\/adam-peltz\">Adam Peltz<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.edf.org\/people\/nichole-saunders\">Nichole Saunders<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>As oil and gas production increases, so does the risk of toxic waste leaking to the environment. The massive amount of briny wastewater generated from oil and gas development can cause serious damage if it comes into contact with the public or our environment.<\/p>\n<p>Consider what happened to the Johnsons, a 4<sup>th<\/sup> generation ranching family in New Mexico. More than <a href=\"http:\/\/www.foxbusiness.com\/markets\/2015\/09\/08\/ap-exclusive-thousands-wastewater-spills-scar-land-threaten-water-amid-drilling.html\">400,000 gallons of wastewater spilled<\/a> on their ranch leaving a dead zone no longer viable to raise cattle or grow crops.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>This is not an isolated incident. The Environmental Protection Agency says the vast majority of land and water contamination from oil and gas development is caused by surface spills and poorly constructed and maintained wells.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/38\/files\/2017\/12\/ManagingWasteWater-01.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-17143\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/38\/files\/2017\/12\/ManagingWasteWater-01-300x182.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"820\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/38\/files\/2017\/12\/ManagingWasteWater-01-300x182.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/38\/files\/2017\/12\/ManagingWasteWater-01-768x466.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/38\/files\/2017\/12\/ManagingWasteWater-01.jpg 1008w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Pathways for Contamination<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1) Well failure<\/strong> at production sites can <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2013\/04\/25\/why-the-texas-railroad-commission-must-get-well-integrity-right\/\">create major problems<\/a> for drillers and for the 17 million Americans who live within a mile of one of these wells. Poor design, cracked casing, or flawed cement work can cause dangerous well blowouts, and toxic leaks from malfunctioning wells can occur even after the well stops producing.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solution:\u00a0States can significantly reduce the risk of a well failure by requiring operators to ensure wells are properly designed, constructed, maintained, and plugged, and by adequately enforcing those standards. Standards should be updated regularly to keep pace with emerging technologies and practices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>2) Wastewater storage systems <\/strong>that aren\u2019t properly designed, constructed, monitored, and eventually closed and cleaned up are also a contamination risk. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/water-science-school\/science\/water-quality-photo-gallery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Images from the U.S. Geological Survey<\/a> reveal how brine releases from poorly managed tank sites can wreak havoc on surrounding vegetation.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solution: Strong industry-wide standards and rules can help ensure operators are following the best maintenance and management practices for wastewater storage facilities. This includes smart engineering that accounts for possible failure, ensuring that construction adheres to design, and routine inspections, maintenance and other leading practices like using liners and leak detection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>3) Wastewater transport<\/strong> &#8212; whether by flowline, pipeline or truck \u2013 creates many opportunities for fluids to spill or leak, especially as operators increasingly transport larger quantities of wastewater longer distances <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2015\/11\/11\/recycling-wastewater-from-oil-and-gas-wells-poses-challenges-2\/?_ga=2.90992152.32012448.1513095919-1958336598.1437681995\">for recycling<\/a>. The more it moves around, the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.expressnews.com\/business\/eagle-ford-energy\/article\/Drilling-boom-brings-rising-number-of-harmful-6486345.php\">more likely a spill can occur<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solution: Regulators and industry must adhere to advanced design and construction standards for pipelines, and also improve monitoring and reporting requirements in order to quickly identify and remediate accidents after they occur. Better information on why, when, and how spills occur is a vital step in preventing them in the first place.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>4) Disposal wells <\/strong>are usually considered one of the most economically and environmentally sound solutions for managing oilfield wastewater, but <a href=\"http:\/\/bismarcktribune.com\/news\/state-and-regional\/federal-prosecutors-seek-prison-time-for-nd-oil-operator-who\/article_892b2c70-829a-598d-a145-fedd3d7d08c3.html\">site-level malfunctions<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/local\/california\/la-me-0304-wells-closed-20150304-story.html\">improperly permitted disposal wells<\/a> can contaminate groundwater, and increased disposal in some states has caused an uptick in small earthquakes.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solution: Ensure disposal wells meet proper construction standards, follow permit operating guidelines, and are regularly evaluated for integrity. To reduce injection-induced earthquakes, some states have successfully started to reduce injection volumes and rates, or even prohibit disposal wells altogether in areas near fault lines. Some states have also begun policing hydraulic fracturing operations, which are responsible for a relatively small portion of induced quakes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>5 ) Releasing wastewater onto roads, land and waterways <\/strong>can cause significant contamination if water isn\u2019t treated to meet quality standards that need to be advanced. For example, one recent <a href=\"http:\/\/news.psu.edu\/story\/474649\/2017\/07\/13\/research\/treated-hydraulic-fracturing-wastewater-may-pollute-area-water\">Penn State study<\/a> found that releasing millions of gallons of wastewater \u2013 even if treated \u2013 can have long lasting impacts on the environment.<\/p>\n<p>Wastewater can be intentionally released under existing permitting schemes in a number of ways.\u00a0 For example, under current laws, operators located west of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/98th_meridian_west\">98<sup>th<\/sup> Meridian<\/a> can get permits to discharge wastewater into rivers or streams if the water is deemed \u201cgood enough\u201d for agriculture and livestock. The problem is there is little agreement on what \u201cgood enough\u201d means, and no set standard. In fact, we only have <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/08\/28\/new-study-reveals-gaps-in-the-methods-used-to-asses-chemicals-in-oilfield-wastewater\/\">regulator-approved tests<\/a> for identifying 25% of the 1600 chemicals that may be present in wastewater, which makes it difficult to set standards that can confidently protect the environment and public health.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solution: Additional research on the content of wastewater and water treatment technologies must be conducted to determine if oil and gas wastewater can be released on our soil or into fresh water sources without cause for concern.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>6) Using oilfield wastewater to irrigate crops <\/strong>is a practice used in drought-stricken regions of California and being considered by other states and companies as well \u2013 especially as demand for water or disposal cost increases. Unfortunately oil and gas companies, regulators, and scientists don\u2019t have the scientific evidence to confirm this practice poses no risk to public health or the environment.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solution: Further assessment of the risks of using oilfield wastewater for crop or livestock irrigation must be undertaken before it is more widely piloted or permitted. This includes learning more about the chemicals present in wastewater, as well as the potential toxicity of treated waste streams to crops, soil, livestock, as well as aquatic resources and human health. New potential \u2018users\u2019 of this wastewater, as well as regulators who may permit these practices, need better data to enable informed decisions in the future.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>While many of these are familiar challenges for the oil and gas industry, others are just now emerging \u2013 in either case, attention and concern around these issues will only increase as drought and other environmental concerns plague many of the regions where oil and gas development is intense.\u00a0 If the industry works collaboratively with regulators and environmental scientists, we can address these problems while still supporting a reliable energy industry.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Adam Peltz and Nichole Saunders As oil and gas production increases, so does the risk of toxic waste leaking to the environment. The massive amount of briny wastewater generated from oil and gas development can cause serious damage if it comes into contact with the public or our environment. Consider what happened to the &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[693,105758],"tags":[100168],"coauthors":[114057],"class_list":["post-16941","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-natural-gas","category-produced-water-natural-gas","tag-produced-water"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Six ways oil and gas development can contaminate land and water (and what to do about it) - Energy Exchange<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Six ways oil and gas development can contaminate land and water (and what to do about it) - Energy Exchange\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Adam Peltz and Nichole Saunders As oil and gas production increases, so does the risk of toxic waste leaking to the environment. The massive amount of briny wastewater generated from oil and gas development can cause serious damage if it comes into contact with the public or our environment. Consider what happened to the ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Energy Exchange\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-12-29T15:51:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-07T14:32:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/38\/files\/2017\/12\/ManagingWasteWater-01-300x182.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"EDF Blogs\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"EDF Blogs\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/29\\\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/29\\\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"EDF Blogs\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/aae063915aaf10301a322185853c51d3\"},\"headline\":\"Six ways oil and gas development can contaminate land and water (and what to do about it)\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-12-29T15:51:36+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-07T14:32:22+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/29\\\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":931,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/29\\\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/wp-content\\\/blogs.dir\\\/38\\\/files\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/ManagingWasteWater-01-300x182.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"produced water\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Natural Gas\",\"produced water\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/29\\\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/29\\\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\\\/\",\"name\":\"Six ways oil and gas development can contaminate land and water (and what to do about it) - Energy Exchange\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/29\\\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/29\\\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/wp-content\\\/blogs.dir\\\/38\\\/files\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/ManagingWasteWater-01-300x182.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-12-29T15:51:36+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-07T14:32:22+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/aae063915aaf10301a322185853c51d3\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/29\\\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/29\\\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/29\\\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/wp-content\\\/blogs.dir\\\/38\\\/files\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/ManagingWasteWater-01-300x182.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/wp-content\\\/blogs.dir\\\/38\\\/files\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/ManagingWasteWater-01-300x182.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/29\\\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Six ways oil and gas development can contaminate land and water (and what to do about it)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/\",\"name\":\"Energy Exchange\",\"description\":\"Accelerating the clean energy revolution\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/aae063915aaf10301a322185853c51d3\",\"name\":\"EDF Blogs\",\"description\":\"From time to time, the Energy Exchange blog includes posts from infrequent contributors, such as other EDF scientists and staff. Since these authors vary, we use this standard author bio profile for guest posts. For more information about this author, please see his\\\/her link at the beginning of the post.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.edf.org\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.edf.org\\\/energyexchange\\\/author\\\/admin\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Six ways oil and gas development can contaminate land and water (and what to do about it) - Energy Exchange","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Six ways oil and gas development can contaminate land and water (and what to do about it) - Energy Exchange","og_description":"By Adam Peltz and Nichole Saunders As oil and gas production increases, so does the risk of toxic waste leaking to the environment. The massive amount of briny wastewater generated from oil and gas development can cause serious damage if it comes into contact with the public or our environment. Consider what happened to the ...","og_url":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/","og_site_name":"Energy Exchange","article_published_time":"2017-12-29T15:51:36+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-03-07T14:32:22+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"http:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/38\/files\/2017\/12\/ManagingWasteWater-01-300x182.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"EDF Blogs","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"EDF Blogs","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/"},"author":{"name":"EDF Blogs","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/#\/schema\/person\/aae063915aaf10301a322185853c51d3"},"headline":"Six ways oil and gas development can contaminate land and water (and what to do about it)","datePublished":"2017-12-29T15:51:36+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-07T14:32:22+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/"},"wordCount":931,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/38\/files\/2017\/12\/ManagingWasteWater-01-300x182.jpg","keywords":["produced water"],"articleSection":["Natural Gas","produced water"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/","url":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/","name":"Six ways oil and gas development can contaminate land and water (and what to do about it) - Energy Exchange","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/38\/files\/2017\/12\/ManagingWasteWater-01-300x182.jpg","datePublished":"2017-12-29T15:51:36+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-07T14:32:22+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/#\/schema\/person\/aae063915aaf10301a322185853c51d3"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/#primaryimage","url":"http:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/38\/files\/2017\/12\/ManagingWasteWater-01-300x182.jpg","contentUrl":"http:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/38\/files\/2017\/12\/ManagingWasteWater-01-300x182.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/12\/29\/six-ways-oil-and-gas-development-can-contaminate-land-and-water-and-what-to-do-about-it\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Six ways oil and gas development can contaminate land and water (and what to do about it)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/#website","url":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/","name":"Energy Exchange","description":"Accelerating the clean energy revolution","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/#\/schema\/person\/aae063915aaf10301a322185853c51d3","name":"EDF Blogs","description":"From time to time, the Energy Exchange blog includes posts from infrequent contributors, such as other EDF scientists and staff. Since these authors vary, we use this standard author bio profile for guest posts. For more information about this author, please see his\/her link at the beginning of the post.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.edf.org"],"url":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/author\/admin\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16941","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16941"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16941\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24430,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16941\/revisions\/24430"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16941"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16941"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16941"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=16941"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}