{"id":8979,"date":"2024-09-26T11:28:14","date_gmt":"2024-09-26T15:28:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/edfish\/?p=8979"},"modified":"2025-12-03T16:57:47","modified_gmt":"2025-12-03T20:57:47","slug":"what-will-we-grow-here-an-analysis-of-candidate-species-for-open-ocean-aquaculture-in-the-united-states","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/edfish\/2024\/09\/26\/what-will-we-grow-here-an-analysis-of-candidate-species-for-open-ocean-aquaculture-in-the-united-states\/","title":{"rendered":"What Will We Grow Here? An Analysis of Candidate Species for Open Ocean Aquaculture in the United States"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>By: Poppy Brittingham<\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Open ocean aquaculture (also referred to as \u201coffshore\u201d aquaculture) is a nascent industry in the United States. As it exists now, the industry has the potential to positively contribute to domestic seafood supplies if executed well. However, if the risks and impacts of the farms are not well understood, it can cause environmental damage.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">There is increasing momentum for U.S.-based open ocean aquaculture. NOAA has identified Aquaculture Opportunity Areas and multiple farmers in the process of getting the necessary permits to operate commercially. Additionally, lawmakers are considering legislation to guide the development of aquaculture in U.S. open ocean waters.\u00a0 For example, the Science-based Equitable Aquaculture (SEAfood) Act would provide the critically needed framework to develop sustainable open ocean aquaculture through U.S. government studies.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Stakeholders have a unique opportunity to strongly influence the foundation of the industry. Stakeholder collaborations towards developing science-based, sustainable management and regulation methods, makes their implementation a true and exciting possibility.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">While there are broad studies on environmental risks, benefits, and innovations of open ocean aquaculture, there is a need to analyze the impacts of specific operational decisions, like which species a facility will farm. Many potential environmental and fiscal risks of an open ocean aquaculture operation are related to the species being farmed. Diseases, invasive escapees, nutrient pollution, ecological impacts of feed inputs, high operational costs, and low revenue can all be tied to the cultivated species if the choice is not made carefully. However, these challenges can also be minimized for a specific farm and its unique location by choosing the right species.\u00a0 <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In a report titled \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/library.edf.org\/AssetLink\/oo8wno34p5681po1s67350ubji12k33v.pdf\">What Will We Grow Here? An Analysis of Candidate Species for Open Ocean Aquaculture in the United States<\/a>\u201d authors Poppy Brittingham and Rod Fujita <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">take a deep dive into what species are most likely to be farmed in open ocean conditions domestically. This report highlights which species seem to be candidates for open ocean aquaculture cultivation in the U.S.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">We explore three categories of species, finfish, shellfish, and seaweeds. Finfish are the focal group, as they are most likely to be farmed first in open ocean conditions because of their resilience and high market value. The report details specific influential characteristics for each species, like ideal environmental conditions, physical traits, native ranges, market value, and cultivation knowledge status. Two groups were created for finfish: those that are more likely to be cultivated commercially in the near term and those that are more likely to be cultivated in the future, once the open ocean aquaculture industry is more established.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The selection process for the species highlighted in the report is based on: 1.) Whether they have been previously farmed in U.S. waters or abroad, 2.) repeated mention in literature and by industry advocates as an ideal open ocean species, and 3.) physical compatibility with the open ocean and exposed conditions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The finfish species that seem most likely to be farmed in U.S. open waters in the near term are: cobia <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(Rachycentron canadum)<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, kanpachi (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Seriola dumerili<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> and <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Seriola rivoliana<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">), Atlantic salmon (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Salmo salar<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">), and steelhead trout (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">). <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The species that appear to have the most potential to be farmed in the future, but haven\u2019t yet been grown at commercial or semi-commercial scales, are: nenue (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Kyphosus vaigiensis<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">), California yellowtail (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Seriola dorsalis<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">), mutton snapper (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lutjanus analis<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">), Florida pompano (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Trachinotus carolinus<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">), Atlantic cod (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Gadus morhua<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">), red drum (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Sciaenops ocellatus<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">), bluefin tuna (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Thunnus thynnus<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> &amp; <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Thunnus orientalis<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">), red snapper (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lutjanus campechanus<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">), sea bream (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Pagrus pagrus<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">), and mahi-mahi (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Coryphaena hippuru<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s). <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Blue mussels are the highlighted shellfish, and giant kelp and bull kelp are the featured macroalgal species.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The<a href=\"https:\/\/library.edf.org\/AssetLink\/oo8wno34p5681po1s67350ubji12k33v.pdf\"> full report<\/a> can be found online, and<a href=\"https:\/\/library.edf.org\/AssetLink\/qx1o3tj8le3n6n2ob800e70m3bhq8515.pdf\"> factsheets<\/a> on each potential finfish species are available. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By: Poppy Brittingham Open ocean aquaculture (also referred to as \u201coffshore\u201d aquaculture) is a nascent industry in the United States. As it exists now, the industry has the potential to positively contribute to domestic seafood supplies if executed well. However, if the risks and impacts of the farms are not well understood, it can cause &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2974,"featured_media":8992,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-8979","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What Will We Grow Here? 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