{"id":6079,"date":"2015-03-06T12:30:11","date_gmt":"2015-03-06T16:30:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/edfish\/?p=6079"},"modified":"2015-03-06T16:02:48","modified_gmt":"2015-03-06T20:02:48","slug":"at-the-brink-ocean-tipping-points","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/edfish\/2015\/03\/06\/at-the-brink-ocean-tipping-points\/","title":{"rendered":"At The Brink: Ocean Tipping Points"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Healthy
Healthy sponge\u00a0in the Gardens of the Queen, Cuba. Photo: Noel Lopez Fernandez<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Coral reefs seem delicate, but when they are healthy they can take a lot of abuse.\u00a0 I\u2019ve seen corals recover from severe hurricanes and even volcanic eruptions. But coral reefs can also transition suddenly<\/a> from colorful, vibrant ecosystems to mere shadows of themselves.\u00a0 Decades of scientific investigation have shed a lot of light on this, and in a recent publication<\/a>, my colleagues and I summarize a lot of the data that have been collected on Caribbean coral reefs to identify where these dangerous \u201ctipping points\u201d are.\u00a0 This work is part of the Ocean Tipping Points<\/a> project, a collaboration between several institutions aimed at finding tipping points in all kinds of marine ecosystems so that managers can implement measures that will keep these ecosystems well away from the brink.<\/p>\n

A brief story<\/strong><\/p>\n

In 1987, I lived on a lighthouse straddling a healthy coral reef for several months, trying to understand how it worked.\u00a0 The reef was alive with dozens of fish species and brightly colored corals.\u00a0 I could see (and hear) hundreds of parrotfish, surgeonfish, and aggressive little damselfish mowing down algae all over the reef.\u00a0 The grunts were doing their daily commute between their nutrient-rich feeding grounds in nearby seagrass meadows and their shelters within the reef.\u00a0 I got to know the resident barracudas, stealthily waiting for a chance to snap up a meal.\u00a0 From atop the lighthouse, I could watch sharks move in and out of the reef, along with the occasional eagle ray or dolphin.<\/p>\n

My reef had lots of biodiversity, and enough fish in each \u201cfunctional group\u201d (e.g., grazers and predators) to carry out their ecological roles.\u00a0 Most of it was covered with living coral; seaweed was scarce.\u00a0 These are the characteristics of a healthy coral reef, one that can produce many different kinds of ecosystem goods and services like sustainable fisheries and dive tourism.<\/p>\n

A couple of decades later, it\u2019s obvious that coral reefs are not faring very well.\u00a0 Climate change has caused mass bleaching around the world \u2013 where corals lose their colorful microscopic partners and starve.\u00a0 Raw sewage is routinely dumped onto reefs, which are very sensitive to the nutrients in the sewage \u2013 in this case, it is too much of a good thing as the extra nutrients stimulate seaweed growth and allows them to overgrow the corals.\u00a0 It turns out that sometimes these changes are gradual, but often they are quite sudden and dramatic, when reefs cross over what we call an ocean tipping point.<\/strong><\/p>\n

What are Tipping Points?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"A
A Tipping Point can cause healthy coral to degrade abruptly. Photo Credits: Left, Kendra Karr. Right, blog.soleilorganique.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Tipping points occur when small shifts in human pressures or environmental conditions bring about large, sometimes abrupt changes in a system. Such tipping points are ubiquitous \u2013 they can be found in human society, physical systems, ecosystems, and even in the planet\u2019s climate system.<\/p>\n

Because it is often very difficult for ecosystems to recover after a tipping point is crossed, the Ocean Tipping Points (OTP)<\/a> project was formed to characterize tipping points in ocean ecosystems and provide ocean resource managers with practical guidance to help avoid abrupt changes. EDF is a partner of OTP, as are the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), the Bren School for Environmental Science and Management, the Center for Ocean Solutions, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).<\/p>\n

Healthy ocean ecosystems have checks and balances\u2014grazers control seaweed growth, predators control grazer populations, etc. \u2013 and redundancy and complementarity (different species do similar things but in slightly different ways).\u00a0 These attributes help them stay away from tipping points.<\/p>\n

However, if key pieces of ecosystems are removed through harvesting or damaged by for example pollution, the ecosystem becomes less resilient and even relatively small impacts can push the system past the tipping point, resulting in ecological collapse and the loss of valuable ecosystem goods and services.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Tipping points have been well documented in coral reefs, but they occur in many other ocean ecosystems too.\u00a0 For example, luxuriant kelp forests that support marine mammals and a myriad of other species provide us with various ecosystem services like seafood, agar (sugar made from kelp), recreation, and sheltering the coastline from waves. However, these habitats can become barren very rapidly when they reach a tipping point. This happened in the 1800s when fur hunting became prevalent\u2014decreasing the sea otter population. With fewer sea otter to consume urchins, urchins became overabundant, and overgrazed the kelp.<\/p>\n

Fortunately, science is providing insights into the factors that make ocean ecosystems more capable of resisting these kinds of changes, and more able to bounce back when they are damaged.<\/p>\n

\u00a0New Science, New Hope<\/strong><\/p>\n

Our new paper<\/a> synthesizes hundreds of data points collected over many years from over 20 countries in the Caribbean Sea.\u00a0 We found that, however counterintuitive it may seem, coral cover is not the best indicator of coral reef health. <\/strong>Once coral cover has visibly declined, the data suggest that many other changes may have already occurred that are likely to make recovery very difficult.\u00a0 Fish population status seems to be an earlier and more useful indicator of coral reef status.<\/p>\n

We were also able to quantify tipping points for coral reefs in the Caribbean, based on these data. Coral reef managers can simply compare fish density in their coral reef to densities associated with these tipping points to assess the risk of ecosystem collapse.\u00a0 They can also use the tipping points to guide management aimed at keeping the system in a \u201csafe operating space,\u201d where enough fish are left in the system to maintain the reef in a healthy state while providing \u201cpretty good yields\u201d \u2013 not the maximum amount of yield possible, but enough to sustain a fishery while hedging against the risk of collapse.\u00a0 While tipping points should be determined for each reef, the generalized tipping points we found in our study can provide useful guidance for risk assessment and precautionary management.<\/p>\n

It is easy to despair when thinking about coral reefs.\u00a0 They are sensitive to many different kinds of threats, and they are subject to all of them: we are losing them very quickly.\u00a0 But the data show that many of the coral reefs in the Caribbean with marine reserves have large fish populations, healthy corals, and many other indicators of good health.\u00a0 The Cuban reefs<\/a> that we have been fortunate enough to visit are absolutely spectacular, and remind me of my early days diving on Caribbean reefs that were covered with living coral and swarming with fish and urchins doing their jobs keeping the reefs healthy.\u00a0 These healthy reefs are the hope of the Caribbean \u2013 they will provide the seeds of recovery, if we manage to reduce threat levels and keep reefs within their safe operating spaces, away from tipping points.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Coral reefs seem delicate, but when they are healthy they can take a lot of abuse.\u00a0 I\u2019ve seen corals recover from severe hurricanes and even volcanic eruptions. But coral reefs can also transition suddenly from colorful, vibrant ecosystems to mere shadows of themselves.\u00a0 Decades of scientific investigation have shed a lot of light on this, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":505,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[503,55584,42656],"tags":[295,46617,72487,72488,72486],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-6079","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cuba","category-international-2","category-scienceresearch","tag-coral-reefs","tag-ocean-acidification","tag-ocean-ecosystems","tag-ocean-pollution","tag-ocean-tipping-points"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAt The Brink: Ocean Tipping Points - EDFish<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/edfish\/2015\/03\/06\/at-the-brink-ocean-tipping-points\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"At The Brink: Ocean Tipping Points - EDFish\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Coral reefs seem delicate, but when they are healthy they can take a lot of abuse.\u00a0 I\u2019ve seen corals recover from severe hurricanes and even volcanic eruptions. 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