{"id":24766,"date":"2025-05-06T15:14:20","date_gmt":"2025-05-06T20:14:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/climate411\/?p=24766"},"modified":"2025-12-02T15:12:28","modified_gmt":"2025-12-02T20:12:28","slug":"spain-and-portugal-blackout-separating-fact-from-fiction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/climate411\/2025\/05\/06\/spain-and-portugal-blackout-separating-fact-from-fiction\/","title":{"rendered":"Spain and Portugal Blackout: Separating Fact from Fiction"},"content":{"rendered":"

Note: This blog was published May 6, 2025.<\/em><\/p>\n

Last Monday, a widespread power outage<\/a> hit Spain and Portugal, plunging the region into darkness for about 18 hours before power was restored.<\/p>\n

Within minutes of the blackout, people with political agendas flooded the zone on social media to cast blame on their favorite culprit: renewable energy. To be clear, the power company and government experts in Europe<\/strong> are still investigating the causes of the outages. <\/strong>Complex system failures like this one can take time to untangle. <\/strong><\/p>\n

But that hasn\u2019t stopped renewables critics from sharing their hot takes.\u00a0Unfortunately, they\u2019ve been predictable. Even the Wall Street Journal ran an opinion article<\/a> blaming solar energy for the blackout, but noted in the very same article that \u201cthe discrete triggering event isn\u2019t yet known.<\/strong>\u201d<\/p>\n

So, what really happened?<\/strong> The short answer is: We don\u2019t know yet.<\/strong> The reasons are likely to be highly technical and complicated \u2013 which is why we shouldn\u2019t jump to unfounded conclusions.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

What we do know<\/u>:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Nothing so far suggests renewables are \u201cthe cause\u201d<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Evidence suggests that the outage may have started in the southwestern region of Extremadura in Spain. While it\u2019s true that Spain has a large amount of renewable energy, its overall energy generation mix is still varied: wind (26%), nuclear (21.3%), hydropower (16.8%), natural gas (12.6%), and solar (12.2%).<\/p>\n

Dan Jorgensen, the EU energy chief, noted that<\/strong><\/a>: \u201cAs far as we know, there was nothing unusual about the sources of energy supplying electricity to the system yesterday. So the causes of the blackout cannot be reduced to a specific source of energy, for instance renewables.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n

Another leading European energy consultant pointed out<\/strong><\/a> that after the outage \u201cno fossil generation remained online \u2013 but wind, solar and hydro did<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

The electric grid is very, very complex. And something with the grid went wrong.<\/strong><\/h3>\n

While solar panels and power plants may be the first thing people visualize when thinking of a power outage, early insights suggest the causes may be related to something more behind-the-scenes: the grid itself. The \u201cgrid\u201d refers to that massive web of transmission lines, local power infrastructure and services that make it possible to move electricity from one place to another safely. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Managing a grid is like directing a carefully choreographed dance \u2013 an act of constant motion and balancing, in circumstances that are constantly changing. Grid operators work 24\/7 to ensure power is available at the right levels and with the right characteristics at all times. If a dancer makes a mistake, the choreography can go haywire, and fast: people crash into each other, other dancers stop dancing to protect themselves, and it may take some time to get the show back on track.<\/p>\n

In electricity, the system going haywire is a common and critical issue, so grid managers have engineered many layers of protection — many of them bucketed under the broader term \u201cancillary services.\u201d These include a variety of tools that can make quick adjustments to the grid to recognize problems and address them quickly.<\/p>\n

So, what happened in this case? The first sign that something was amiss took place approximately 10 minutes before the loss of power. A chart from a European scientist (below) shows that the frequency of the electricity started to get really out of whack. When electricity falls out of synch in different parts of a grid \u2013 such as between Spain and the rest of Europe \u2013 it\u2019s a big problem.<\/p>\n

\"electricity<\/a>
The frequency of electricity, which must be carefully maintained in a narrow range, was showing signs of stress in Spain (red) relative to the normal signals in Latvia (blue), approximately 10 minutes before the outage.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

For reasons that are not yet clear, the grid was then hit by two outages: a large power loss in southwestern Spain, after which the grid briefly stabilized on its own, then a second failure 1.5 seconds later, causing the grid’s frequency to plunge below safe levels. This drop likely closed the connection between Spain and France and went on to trigger a cascade of outages that led to the complete collapse of the power grid.<\/p>\n

Suffice to say, it\u2019s likely that something went wrong in how the system was being managed, <\/em>but we\u2019ll only know when the full details of the investigation conclude.<\/p>\n

Renewables-strong grids aren\u2019t inherently less stable<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Outside of the world of power system engineers, a common claim being made in response to this event is that renewables-strong grids are inherently \u201cunstable.\u201d This argument is constructed on top of some actual grid complexities, but it\u2019s fundamentally made in bad faith. Let\u2019s unpack this.<\/p>\n

First and foremost, managing grids takes work, no matter what supplies the power. <\/strong>We\u2019re facing a changing world \u2013 including population shifts, more severe weather, wildfires, and growing energy needs from infrastructure like data centers. Grids are extraordinary feats of infrastructure, but they\u2019ve been constructed over decades with customized design that\u2019s mostly for fossil fuels.<\/p>\n

Because of this history, grid modernization is especially important for adding more renewables. The most common renewable sources, solar panels and wind turbines, have different properties from fossil fuel plants, including variability (they turn on and off with the sun and wind) and therefore, have different technical needs. They also come with some real advantages, including \u201cfree\u201d fuel (because the sun and the wind are free!) and more distributed infrastructure that provides greater resilience in case one part of the grid is taken out by extreme weather, for example. Smart investments and grid modernization are key: we can\u2019t approach the transition to clean energy as a plug and play affair. But through grid upgrades and additional resources like pumped hydro, battery storage and power electronics, clean grids can absolutely<\/a> work<\/a> and pay off.<\/p>\n

The argument that renewables are \u201cthe problem\u201d also assumes that fossil fuels are the answer \u2013 but fossil fuel-powered grids have their own serious issues. After all, the vast majority of power blackouts occur in places with fossil fuel-powered grids (yet we don\u2019t hear these fuels get blamed?). <\/strong>The fuels themselves present an unavoidable cost and vulnerability: oil and natural gas fuels are highly sensitive to global market prices, pipelines and geopolitics. Coal plants are slow to ramp up and down, and costly to operate. There\u2019s an international backlog in natural gas turbines<\/a>. And let\u2019s not forget that coal and natural gas produce planet-heating pollution and toxic air pollution that harms the health of nearby communities.<\/p>\n

What we can learn<\/strong><\/h3>\n

In Spain, investigators are still looking into what went wrong. One of Spain\u2019s vice presidents said at a news conference on Wednesday<\/a> that they are \u201ccollecting thousands of data points from the energy system to shed light on what happened.\u201d<\/p>\n

This is how it\u2019s done.<\/p>\n

Jumping to conclusions without any evidence won\u2019t teach us anything \u2014 but learning from the full investigation will help us build stronger, more resilient grids.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Note: This blog was published May 6, 2025. Last Monday, a widespread power outage hit Spain and Portugal, plunging the region into darkness for about 18 hours before power was restored. Within minutes of the blackout, people with political agendas flooded the zone on social media to cast blame on their favorite culprit: renewable energy. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":148791,"featured_media":24767,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"coauthors":[108120],"class_list":["post-24766","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSpain and Portugal Blackout: Separating Fact from Fiction - Climate 411<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The causes are likely to be highly technical and complicated \u2013 which is why we shouldn\u2019t jump to unfounded conclusions.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/climate411\/2025\/05\/06\/spain-and-portugal-blackout-separating-fact-from-fiction\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Spain and Portugal Blackout: Separating Fact from Fiction - 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