The “identify-that-quote” contest I posted yesterday attracted quite a few responses, some as comments on the post, others in emails to me.  Most people were on the right track in thinking that it was said decades ago, though one guess was of someone in the last decade.  (I have to agree it does read like something EU Commissioner Margot Wallstrom might have said.)

If this were a popularity contest, the hands-down winner would be Rachel Carson.  Some said it must have come from Silent Spring, others from her 1963 Congressional testimony.

U.S. Presidents scored well, with Ford, Johnson and Nixon each getting at least one vote, and a couple more people suggesting their speechwriters or people close to them.

Several others got even warmer by zeroing in on the early days of EPA.  Inaugural EPA Administrator Bill Ruckelshaus got a couple votes.

There were three correct votes, however.  One was from the very first responder, within minutes of my posting.  He first emailed me, “I know, I know!”  I encouraged him to post a comment, which he did:  “Sounds like former EPA Administrator Russel Train, circa 1976!” said Daryl Ditz of the Center for International Environmental Law (a certified TSCA-geek for sure).

Daryl’s correct response was followed a few hours later by a mystery commenter who identified himself only as “RB.”  RB said “EPA Administrator Russel Train – 1976 – The year the Toxic Substance Control Act was passed.”

And then just a few hours ago, a third correct response, from Roger McFadden of Staples:  “Prophetic words of EPA Administrator Train in 1976 and now it is 2010. It is time to take action and stop the ‘chemical roulette’.”

While the first two winners don’t appear to know how to spell Russell, I’ll overlook that and offer congratulations to them and our other winner.  Russell Train served as the second EPA Administrator, serving under both Nixon and Ford from 1973 to 1977. 

The first citation of this quote I could find is in an article from the New York Times News Service that ran in the Lexington, NC Dispatch on May 27, 1976, a few months before the signing of the Toxic Substances Control Act by President Ford on October 11, apparently quoting from a speech Train gave at the National Press Club. 

The Pittsburgh Press on December 8, 1976 ran an article further quoting Train, presumably a further excerpt from the same speech:

“We not only don’t know whether what’s going on out there is dangerous – we don’t even know what’s going on out there.”   

Though uttered before its passage, I know of no better statement of the dual failings of TSCA.

No prize offered, but here's a little contest.  Who can guess who said the following, in what context and when — without cheating by googling a phrase from it?  Answer provided tomorrow.

"Most Americans had no idea, until relatively recently, that they were living so dangerously.  They had no idea that when they went to work in the morning, or when they ate their breakfast — that when they did things they had to do to earn a living and keep themselves alive and well — that when they did things as ordinary, as innocent, and as essential as eat, drink, breathe, or touch, they could, in fact, be laying their lives on the line.  They had no idea that, without their knowledge or consent, they were engaging in a grim game of chemical roulette whose result they would not know until many years later."

[Spoiler alert:  Here's a link to the answer.]

In recent days, two compelling cases have surfaced of so-called “regrettable substitutions” – industry responding to concerns about the use of one dangerous chemical by replacing it with another that is less well-studied, or at least not currently in the crosshairs.

Case 1:  Chinese manufacturers of children’s jewelry, responding to concerns and restrictions on the use of lead in such products produced for export to the U.S., have replaced it with cadmium, a known human carcinogen and developmental toxicant that, if anything is even more toxic to kids than lead – but is not subject to any restrictions in such kids’ products. 

Case 2:  American food product manufacturers, responding to concerns about the devastating effects on the lungs of workers exposed to diacetyl – an artificial butter flavoring used in many products, most notably microwave popcorn – have begun to replace it with closely related chemicals likely to break down into diacetyl or otherwise have similar effects.

Are we destined forever to play this dangerous variant on the game of whack-a-mole, or can something be done?

Investigative journalism to the rescue

An interesting side-note to both cases:  Journalists have played the major role in exposing these debacles. 

In case 1, it was not our government, but rather Justin Pritchard at the Associated Press, that brought the lead-to-cadmium bait-and-switch to light.  AP commissioned its own product testing, testing 103 items – charm bracelets, pendants and the like — bought in New York, Ohio, Texas and California in November or December 2009.  It found that 12 percent of the items contained at least 10 percent cadmium, with the highest containing 91 percent!

In case 2, while the National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) has been hot on the trail of diacetyl and substitutes, it was Andrew Schneider, a longtime investigative reporter writing for the AOL news outlet Sphere, who has most recently publicized the quiet replacement of diacetyl with closely related chemicals.  [Note added 1/13:  I was remiss in not realizing and noting the extensive coverage of this issue going back many months that has been going on at The Pump Handle blog.]

Isn’t it obvious that such substitutions should be avoided?

One might think that the chemicals considered as substitutes for a known danger would get scrutinized a little more closely than usual, in order to avoid repeating unwanted history.  But a combination of incomplete or inadequate regulations, resource-strapped government agencies and entrenched political resistance to market intervention work to perpetuate a lethally flawed system of chemicals management in this country.

From a scientific standpoint, avoiding the use of any toxic metal in making kids’ products would seem to be a no-brainer.  The AP story points out that virtually nontoxic zinc is a suitable substitute metal for use in children’s jewelry.  But this case apparently was driven down the path of least resistance:  Cadmium has been used domestically in China for kids’ jewelry and related products for many years, which likely explains the rapid transition to using it for exports in the face of newly-enacted U.S. restrictions on lead.

The diacetyl case is equally hard to fathom from a purely logical – dare I say naïve? – standpoint.

Inhalation of diacetyl leads to a wholly debilitative lung condition whose name speaks for itself: obliterative bronchiolitis.  Previously known to affect workers exposed to certain types of fumes in heavy industry, its association with diacetyl in butter flavorings began to be recognized only in 2000, when the first cases of what is now known as “popcorn workers lung” were identified at a microwave popcorn plant in Missouri.

First thought to be confined to industrial workers (albeit in the food industry), cases of this disease traced to diacetyl exposure have now been found in service industry workers and even in an individual consumer who reportedly ate two bags of microwave popcorn a day and enjoyed inhaling their aroma (who doesn’t?). 

Andrew Schneider reports on the case of a Blockbuster Video employee who contracted the condition after microwaving many bags of popcorn on a nightly basis to fill the old-fashioned popcorn machine in the store.  She is the third known case among of non-factory workers.

In response to the horrible publicity surrounding diacetyl, a number of major food companies – General Mills and ConAgra (owner of Orville Redenbacher’s) among them – announced they would no longer use it.

So what have they moved to instead?  As noted by Andrew Schneider, some companies have shifted to “natural materials” known variously as starter distillates and diacetyl trimmers.  [Note added 1/13:  An astute reader has posted a comment noting that the reference in the original Sphere article to "diacetyl trimmer" is likely a typo, and should actually be "diacetyl trimer."  This chemical is essentially comprised of three linked diacetyl molecules.   Indeed, meeting notes posted on the website of the Division of Occupational Safety and Health of the California Department of Industrial Relations cite John Hallagan, general counsel for the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, indicating that a trimer of diacetyl is one substitute for diacetyl now being used.]

Schneider notes that these “substitutes” either contain diacetyl or release it upon contact with heat and moisture (gee, how likely is that to happen?).  He cites NIOSH physicians who describe these materials as not representing any real substitution at all.  He also cites a trade association representative saying this shift is occurring so that companies can label their newly-formulated products as “natural.”  [Note added 1/13:  Thanks to another very interesting post from last week on this subject of diacetyl substitutes by Celeste Monforton at The Pump Handle, I have learned that NIOSH and OSHA have both stated in writing their concern about the lack of safety data on substitutes and the concern that they break down into diacetyl.  NIOSH did so in a recent letter sent to new OSHA Administrator David Michaels.  OSHA did so in a January 2009 Federal Register notice, stating:  "Both diacetyl trimer and the sulfite adduct of diacetyl have a low vapor pressure in their basic form, and are thus less likely to evaporate and result in employee inhalation exposures during the production process. However, both are converted to diacetyl during consumer food preparation, so that the foods when consumed will contain diacetyl. For example, if placed on popcorn, both convert to diacetyl when the popcorn is popped."]

To describe another substitute, I need to provide a short chemistry lesson.  Diacetyl is a nickname for the chemical, 2,3-butanedione.  It looks like this:

Some companies who tout their move away from diacetyl have replaced it with flavorings containing this chemical:

This chemical is named 2,3-pentanedione.  As you can see, even if you’re not a chemist, the only difference is the addition of a single carbon atom, from a total of four (to which the “buta”prefix refers) to five (to which the “penta” prefix refers).

They should know better

You also don’t have to be a toxicologist to have the following thought pop into your head faster than you could make a bag of microwave popcorn:  If these chemicals look so similar, might not they affect people’s lungs in a similar manner?  And might not a company want to thoroughly test the second chemical before claiming it to be a safe replacement for diacetyl?

This past November, NIOSH did an inspection of a General Mills “bakery mix production facility” located in Los Angeles.  In the resulting inspection report, termed a Health Hazard Evaluation, NIOSH reported that the company had replaced most, but not all, diacetyl-containing flavorings with ones containing 2,3-pentanedione.  Detectable levels of this chemical were found in the air in the plant and could be measured especially where workers bagged the powdered bakery mixes.

NIOSH also reported that a number of plant workers exhibited respiratory symptoms while at work.  And lung function tests performed by NIOSH found “higher than expected” evidence and incidence of respiratory problems, compared to the U.S. adult population; for example, 18% of the workers had “restrictive patterns” indicative of possible lung disease.  None of the workers exhibited popcorn worker lung-like symptoms, however.

None of this proves 2,3-pentanedione is risky, of course.  But it certainly begs the question.

Noting in its report that “a ‘safe’ level of diacetyl has not been established, and even low levels of diacetyl are potentially hazardous,” NIOSH goes on to state:

The toxicology of diacetyl substitutes is only now being studied.  Because 2,3-pentanedione, 2,3-hexanedione, and 2,3-heptanedione all share the same functional alpha-diketone group as diacetyl, these compounds may also share diacetyl’s mechanism of toxicity.

In other words, the operative presumption should be that 2,3-pentanedione and related chemicals affect people the same way diacetyl does.

Indeed, NIOSH’s report recommends to General Mills that “Until more is known about 2,3-pentanedione and similar alpha-diketone compounds, do not assume these compounds are safe.” (emphasis added) 

Yet these chemicals continue to be used as substitutes for diacetyl.

What can be done to avoid “regrettable substitutions”?

The two examples above may strike you as no-brainers, but there are many more cases that are not so obvious or where there aren’t such clear red flags.

I can sympathize with companies caught unawares when a chemical they use crashes onto the radar screen.  Nor is it hard for me to imagine they might leap at the first available alternative that is identified, based on nothing more than the fact that it is not, at least technically, the chemical of concern.

But these impulses can be downright dangerous in the context of our current policy and regulatory climate that has allowed most chemicals in or entering commerce to escape adequate testing or safety assessment.  That failing makes it all the more likely that a chemical chosen as a substitute for a known bad actor is either no better or untested and unstudied.

As readers of this blog know, the poster child for this failed policy is the 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA).  TSCA “grandfathered in” the more than 60,000 chemicals on the market at the time, without requiring any testing or demonstration of their safety.  Measured by tonnage, the vast majority of chemicals on the market today – 34 years later – is comprised of those same chemicals.

What changes to TSCA could lessen the likelihood of further regrettable substitutions?

Here are a few suggestions, each of which is a featured plank in the platform of the Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families campaign with which EDF is closely working.

1.      Adopt a comprehensive approach to testing and assessing the safety of chemicals in commerce:

First, we simply must bite the bullet and start the process of digging ourselves out of the hole created by TSCA.  While it will require considerable time and expense, TSCA reform must include a requirement that all chemicals be shown to be safe as a condition to enter or remain on the market, based on robust information developed on the uses, hazards of and exposures to those chemicals.

Some, especially in the chemical industry, would have us skip this altogether.  As I noted in previous posts (here and here), they suggest we simply identify the usual top suspects, maybe require further testing and study of them, and then maybe even regulate a handful of those – and be done with it.  Their estimates of how many chemicals might “rise to the top” range from “50-100” (subscription required) to “5%” of chemicals in use today.

As I've argued before, there's an inherent contradiction here.  The chemical industry is among the first to cry "regrettable substitution" when insufficient attention is given to what will replace a chemical targeted by state or federal authorities for restrictions.  But how are we ever to compare alternatives and select safer ones with confidence unless we have good information about them?

2.      Maximize public and market availability of chemical information:

Companies and institutions that use chemicals to make products, or that sell, buy or use those products, as well as individual consumers, make decisions involving chemical choices every day.  Those choices are often ill-informed today, based on assumption instead of data, or incomplete or biased information.

Companies need to know what chemicals are in the products they’re making, buying, selling or using, what is known about those chemicals’ hazards, and what the potential alternatives to such chemicals are.  They also need to know when government has identified a chemical to be of concern and is considering initiating regulatory action.

Only by requiring the development and broad sharing of sound and complete information about chemicals can we hope to address what amounts to a major market failure perpetuated by our current chemicals policies.

3.      Drive companies as well as government to prioritize efforts to develop, identify and assess the safety of alternatives to chemicals of concern:

Government needs to have the authority to direct both its own resources and attention and those of companies toward developing and identifying safer alternatives to chemicals of concern.  Doing so will require that both carrots and sticks are embodied in the range of tools available to government.  For example, government needs:

• ample authority to clearly identify and restrict the use of dangerous chemicals;
• the ability to require companies to seek out safer alternatives, as one of the available regulatory actions it can take;
• resources to investigate and identify safer alternatives, and to develop and provide to companies the tools and data they need to do the same; and
• programs to incentivize and reward those companies that do develop and implement safer alternatives.

Adopting these kinds of changes just might yield a future chemicals management system about which we can truly say, “No regrets!”

Today is a big day in building momentum towards achieving fundamental reform of our nation’s policies intended to ensure the safety of the chemicals we use and to which we are exposed every day.

Here’s a sample of what's going on:

• The Senate Environment & Publics Work Committee is holding an Oversight Hearing on the Federal Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) this afternoon.  Scheduled to testify are three witnesses from key agencies:
  • The Honorable Lisa Jackson, Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  • John B. Stephenson, Director of Natural Resources & Environment for the U.S. Government Accountability Office
  • Dr. Linda Birnbaum, Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Toxicology Program 

All three witnesses are expected to press for prompt and comprehensive reform of TSCA.

• Thirteen states — California, Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Vermont and Washington — are releasing their own set of principles for TSCA reform, which call for a sweeping overhaul of the law.  Ted Sturdevant, Director of the Washington State Department of Ecology, noted:  “We need a federal law that prevents contamination from happening in the first place, and phases out the harmful chemicals that are already in widespread use.  That’s common sense, but it’s not the system we have today.”
• HealthyStuff.org has released its latest findings from its ongoing testing of consumer products for toxic chemicals, this batch focused on toys apropos of the upcoming holiday season.  This site is run by the Ecology Center of Ann Arbor Michigan and the Center for Environmental Health, both founding members of the Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families campaign.
• A new study by the Environmental Working Group identified more than 200 toxic chemicals present in umbilical cord blood of ten African American, Asian and Hispanic newborns.  Among the chemicals found are the plastic component bisphenol A (BPA), the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) used in electronics, the synthetic fragrances galaxolide and tonalide used in many cosmetics and detergents, and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, or C4), a member of the family of chemicals used to make non-stick and grease-, stain- and water-resistant coatings for cookware, textiles, food packaging and other products.

Quite a day!

John Balbus, M.D., M.P.H., is Chief Health Scientist.

Welcome to our new blog, Nanotechnology Notes.

EDF's TeamNano – Cal Baier-Anderson, Richard Denison, Scott Walsh, and myself – will use this space to comment regularly on nanotechnology news and events, with a focus on environmental, health, and safety issues. Check back often for our viewpoints on a range of topics related to research, policy, regulation and oversight, and business implications of this new technology.

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